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The tiger is an iconic species, and tiger conservation is involved in attempts to prevent the animal from becoming extinct and preserving its natural habitat. This is one of the main objectives of international animal conservation charities. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) has played a crucial role in improving international efforts for tiger conservation. ==CITES== CITES is an international governance network employing tools and measures which adapt and become more efficient with time.〔Dickson, B. (2002). International conservation treaties, poverty and development: The case of CITES. ODI Natural Resource Perspectives, 74(January), 4.〕 One measure specifically aimed at protecting the tiger is visible in the network’s efforts to ban the trade of tigers or tiger derivatives.〔 CITES members have agreed to adhere to this international trade ban; once a member states ratifies and implements CITES it bans such trade within its national borders.〔CITES. (2011). http://www.cites.org/eng/disc/parties/index.shtml〕 The CITES Secretariat is administrated by the UNEP〔CITES. (2011). http://www.cites.org/eng/disc/sec/index.shtml〕 which works closely with NGOs such as The Trade Records Analysis of Flora and Fauna in Commerce (TRAFFIC) to assist member states with the implementation of the convention. States are provided with training and information about requirements (when necessary), and their progress and compliance are monitored and evaluated.〔〔Gemmill, B. and Bamidele-Izu, A. (2010). The Role of NGOs and Civil Society in Global Environmental Governance http://environment.research.yale.edu/documents/downloads/a-g/gemmill.pdf (Accessed 20 March 2011).〕 In order for CITES to work effectively it requires the involvement of institutions, NGOs, civil society and member states: especially Asian tiger range member countries. The Tiger Range Countries (TRC) – countries where tigers still roam free – are: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Russia, Thailand, Vietnam and North-Korea. Whilst there have been no recent tigers sightings in North-Korea,〔IUCN Redlist (2011). http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/15955/0〕 it is the only country listed which has not ratified CITES.〔CITES (2011). http://www.cites.org/eng/disc/parties/alphabet.shtml〕 The 13 TRC who are CITES member states recently held a conference in Russia and jointly vowed to double the estimated number of tigers left in the wild (3200).〔WWF. (2010). http://wwf.panda.org/?199237/Year-of-the-Tiger-ends-with-roadmap-to-save-species (Accessed 23 March 2011).〕〔WWF. (2010). http://www.worldwildlife.org/species/finder/tigers/index.html (Accessed 20 March 2011).〕 Poaching, however, remains a very significant problem in all 13 TRC, despite the implementation of CITES regulations within their borders.〔 In the 15th CITES conference held in Doha, Qatar in March 2010 all party members agreed to stricter agreements between members states to protect the tiger.〔 However the United Nations warned that tigers are still at risk of becoming extinct as members states are currently failing to clamp down hard on the illegal trade of tigers and tiger derivatives within their borders.〔Black, R. (2010). Tiger decline is 'sign of world's failure'. BBC http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8568035.stm〕 Although CITES has been successful in curbing this illegal trade, CITES as an international institution relies on member states to effectively implement conventions within their national borders. The quality of such implementation varies significantly within member states.〔TRAFFIC. (1997). Tiger Progress? The Response to CITES Resolution Conf. 9.13. Traffic International, Cambridge.〕〔TRAFFIC. (1997). Rhinoceros Horn and Tiger Bone in China: An Investigation of Trade Since the 1993 Ban. Traffic International, Cambridge.〕 For example, Thailand implemented CITES policies to a very high standard but the illegal tiger trade is still rife within this country.〔WWF. (2010). http://wwf.panda.org/who_we_are/wwf_offices/laos/?197018/The-Big-Cat-Trade-in-Myanmar-and-Thailand (Accessed 23 March 2011).〕 A governance structure such as CITES is powerless to control issues such as poaching unless it has the full cooperation of all actors, including the state. Another reason why CITES seems to be failing could be ascribed to the lucrative nature of the tiger trade. The World Bank estimates that the illegal international trade of wildlife on the black market is worth an estimated $10bn per year.〔 By selling one tiger skeleton, a poacher could make an amount equal to what some labourer would earn in 10 years.〔Seaworld.org http://www.seaworld.org/animal-info/info-books/tiger/longevity.htm (Accessed 28 March 2011)〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「tiger conservation」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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